Definition: All auxiliary verbs in Japanese attach to a verbal or adjectival stem form and conjugate as verbs, the auxiliars verbs are different to normal verbs in having no independent meaning as a normal verb. In modern Japanese there are two distinct classes of auxiliary verbs.
Pure auxiliaries - 助動詞 - jodōshi
These auxiliaries Verbs cannot possibly function as an independent verb.
| Auxiliar |
Example |
| ます (masu) |
書く (kaku, to write) → 書きます(kakimasu) |
| られる(rareru) |
見る (miru, to see) → 見られる (mirareru, to be able to see)
増える (fueru, to increae) → 増えられる (fuerareru, to have the ability to increase) |
| る (ru) |
飲む (nomu, to drink/swallow) → 飲める (nomeru, to be able to drink) |
| させる (saseru) |
考える (kangaeru, to think) → 考えさせる (kangaesaseru, to cause to think) |
| せる (seru) |
思い知る (omoishiru, to realize) → 思い知らせる (omoishiraseru, to cause to realize/to teach a lesson) |
Helper auxiliaries - 補助動詞 - hododōshi
These are normal verbs that lose their independent meaning when used as auxiliaries.
| Auxiliar |
Example |
| ある (aru, to be (inanimate)) |
開く (aku, to open) → 開いてある (aite-aru, opened and is still open) |
| いる (iru, to be(animate)) |
寝る (neru, to sleep) → 寝ている (nete-iru, is sleeping) |
| いく (iku, to go) |
歩く (aruku, to walk) → 歩いていく (aruite-iku, keep walking) |
| くる (kuru, to come) |
なる (naru, become) → なってくる (natte-kuru, start becoming) |
| 始める (hajimeru, to begin) |
書く (kaku, to write) → 書き始める (kaki-hajimeru, start to write) |
| 出す (dasu, to emit) |
輝く (kagayaku, to shine) → 輝き出す (kagayaki-dasu, to start shining) |
| みる (miru, to see) |
する (suru, do) → してみたい (shite-mitai, try to do) |
| なおす (naosu, to correct/heal) |
書く (kaku, to write) → 書きなおす (kaki-naosu, rewrite) |
| あがる (agaru, to rise) |
立つ (tatsu, to stand) → 立ち上がる (tachi-agaru, stand up)
出来る (dekiru, to come out) → 出来上がる (deki-agaru, be completed) |
| 得る (eru/uru, to be able) |
ある (aru, to be) → あり得る (arieru, is possible) |
| かかる (kakaru, to hang/catch/obtain) |
溺れる (oboreru, drown) → 溺れかかる (obore-kakaru, about to drown) |
| きる (kiru, to cut) |
食べる (taberu, to eat) → 食べきる (tabe-kiru, to eat it all) |
| 消す (kesu, to erase) |
揉む (momu, to rub) → 揉み消す (momi-kesu, to rub out, to extinguish) |
| 込む (komu, to enter deeply/plunge) |
話す (hanasu, to speak) → 話し込む (hanashi-komu, to be deep in conversation) |
| 下げる (sageru, to lower) |
引く (hiku, to pull) → 引き下げる (hiki-sageru, to pull down) |
| 過ぎる (sugiru, to exceed) |
言う (iu, to say) → 言いすぎる (ii-sugiru, to say too much, to overstate) |
| 付ける (tsukeru, to attach) |
行く (iku, to go) → 行き付ける (iki-tsukeru, be used to (going)) |
| 続ける (tsuzukeru, to continue) |
降る (furu, to fall (eg. rain)) → 降り続ける (furi-tsuzukeru, to keep falling) |
| 通す (tōsu, to show/thread/lead) |
読む (yomu, to read) → 読み通す (yomi-tōsu, to finish reading) |
| 抜ける (nukeru, to shed/spill/desert) |
走る (hashiru, to run) → 走り抜ける (hashiri-nukeru, to run through (swh)) |
| 残す (nokosu, to leave behind) |
思う (omou, to think) → 思い残す (omoi-nokosu, to regret (lit: to have sth left to think about)) |
| 残る (nokoru, to be left behind) |
生きる (ikiru, live) → 生き残る (iki-nokoru, to survive (lit: to be left alive)) |
| 分ける (wakeru, to divide/split/classify) |
使う (tsukau, use) → 使い分ける (tsukai-wakeru, to indicate the proper way to use) |
| 忘れる (wasureru, to forget) |
聞く (kiku, to ask) → 聞き忘れる (kiki-wasureru, to forget to ask) |
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